英语（二）北航串讲版

发布日期：2018-05-23 05:45:42 编辑整理：四川自考网【字体：大中小】

全国高等教育自学考试英语（二）
主讲人：胥国红
北京航空航天大学
主要内容
试卷分析和最新出题思路
重点语法
备考要诀及学习方法

最新英语（二）试卷主观题统计数据
考题满分平均分
单词拼写 10 2.48
词形填空 10 2.17
汉译英 15 5.53
英译汉 15 10.75
总分 50 20.93

最新出题思路
（1）与课文的关系
往年与课文有关的大题：第一、第四、第五和第六大题
近年与课文有关的大题：第四和第六大题
建议：熟读课文，掌握课文中的大纲词汇，特别留意课文中体现重点语法和经典句型的句子。
(2) 与课文无关的大题：第二、第三、第七大题。
文章选材：主要涉及社会文化、风俗习惯、教育、历史、和生活常识等内容。
建议：广泛阅读此类题材的文章，最好是中英文对照版本。推荐杂志：《英语沙龙》，《大学英语》，《英语学习》。

每道题的考点：
第一题：词汇语法题
主要考点：定语从句、名词性从句的引导词；状语从句的连接词；词汇辨析；固定搭配；常用句型。近年来词汇题比重增加。

建议：通过学习教材上下册，熟练掌握基本语法，背熟大纲词汇，加强同义词、近义词、和形似词的比较，牢记固定搭配。

举例：
1. At the end of 1994 the British government introduced new measures to help ____domestic workers from abuse by their employers.
[A] protect [B] suspect [C] expect [D]inspect 　Ａ
2. I’m wondering why he hasn’t turned ___ at the meeting.
[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] over 　Ｂ
3. By using both ears one can tell the direction ___ a sound
comes.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
[A] in which [B] from which[C] over which[D] with which Ｂ

第二题：完型填空题
主要考点：除了第一大题已提到的考点外，还注重考察介词、连词、副词、代词等虚词的用法。近年来词汇题比例有所增加。

建议：“上看下看，左看右看”，即充分利用上下文提供的信息答题。

举例：

… Colter was excited, so he told 17 about the place. 18 , the other people did not believe him.
[A] the other [B] others 　　　　Ｂ
[C] another [D] each other
18. [A] Then [B] However　　　　　Ｂ
[C] Therefore [D] Consequently

第三题：阅读理解题
主要特点：文章体裁多为论述文，偶有记叙文，主要涉及文化、教育、风俗、历史、人物故事、社会问题、科普常识等内容，不涉及太专业的内容。文章平均长度为300-350词/篇，总阅读量为1500-2000词。问题以细节题为主，其次是总结题，偶尔有一两道词汇题和推理题。题目的顺序和文章的顺序大体对应。

第四题：单词拼写题
往年考题：多选用考纲词表中的常用词，包括中学词汇，平均词长为6个字母。
最新特点：最近一次考题中单词拼写几乎全部出自下册课文，以A课文为主, 单词长度显著增加，平均词长为9个字母，有5个单词词长超过10个字母，出现了两个超纲词，无一中学词汇。
最新考题举例
36. accompany (1A) 37. boundary (2A)
38. capture (14A) 39. decline (10A)
40. employee (4A) 41. feasible (8A)
42. heartbreaking (14A) 43. grateful
44. increasingly (6A) 45. junction (15A)
46. loyalty (10A) 47. moderate (8B)
48. overwhelming (10A) 49. nominate (10B)
50. participant (5A) 51. persistently (14A)
52. queue (14A) 53. spontaneous (5A)
54. reinforce (12B) 55. undertake (13A)

第五题：词形填空题
主要考点：谓语动词（时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致），非谓语动词（动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词），形容词比较级，词性转换。
建议：掌握扎实的语法知识，通过大量做题来消化这些语法知识，力求做到举一反三，触类旁通。

历年试题举例
1. Cancer research ___ (make) all over the world in the past twenty years. (has been made)
2. The more stress you are under, the ___ (likely) you are to catch a cold. ( more likely)
3. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things ___ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms. (being)
4. These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is ____ (specialize) in its function. (special)

第六题：汉译英
主要考点：全面考察词汇、语法和句型的运用能力，多考虚拟语气、比较级、疑问句、强调句和一些固定表达方式。最新考题中有三道题直接出自下册课文。
阅卷要求：主要语法错误（如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型错误）或重要用词错误扣1分；非基本语法错误（如介词、代词、冠词、大写、标点等错误）每两处扣1分；拼写错误每两处扣1分，本大题总扣分不超过3分。
最新试题举例
68．一个具有文学艺术欣赏力的人能胜任这项工作。
选自下册第9单元A课文后Word Study中appreciation的一个例句。主要考查定语从句和be qualified for 的用法。

69．随着研究技术变得更加先进，用于实验的动物数量将会大大减少。
选自下册第11单元A课文最后一段的第一句话。主要考查as引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”。

70．那位生物学家相信某些动物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。
根据下册第14单元A课文后的翻译练习中的第6题有所改动。原话为“他相信某些植物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。”

第七题：英译汉
主要特点：综合考查词汇和语法，注意定语从句、状语从句、比较级、倒装句的理解。
阅卷要求：根据总体印象打分，分为15-13分，12-10分，9-7分，6-4分，3-1分五个档次。只要译文大体准确通顺即可得分，不要求译得非常漂亮。

结语
知己知彼，百战不殆！

II. 重点语法复习
动词时态和语态
非谓语动词
虚拟语气
定语从句和名词性从句

1. 动词主要时态和语态表
一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时
主动: do did will do
被动: are done were done will be done
现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时
主动: are doing were doing will be doing
被动: are being done were being done
现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时
主动: have done had done will have done
被动: have been done had been done
现在完成进行时
主动: have been doing

动词主要时态的意义及运用

现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时
英语提示语：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995

汉语提示语：已经，早已，了
e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.
By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.

现在完成进行时
从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。
汉语提示语：一直
e.g. The water has been running the whole night.

过去完成时
said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
2) hardly…when, no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
3) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中
e.g If I had tried harder, I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.
历年考题中的动词时态和语态
1.So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years. (has been lived)
2.The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there. (had been sent)
3.The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi. (witnessed) 　

2. 非谓语动词
动词主要时态和语态一览表
非谓语动词形式意义
现在分词
一般式 doing 主动, 正在进行
被动式 being done 被动, 正在进行
完成主动式 having done 主动, 已经完成
完成被动式 having been done 被动, 已经完成
过去分词 done 被动, 已经完成
动词不定式
一般式 to do 主动,将要进行
被动式 to be done 被动, 将要进行
完成主动式 to have done 主动, 已经完成
进行主动式 to be doing 主动, 正在进行

非谓语动词作状语
•动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语
e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）
•分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语
e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间）
Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）
Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）
Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件）

非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构
Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)
After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）
After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）
With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）

非谓语动词作定语
If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)
Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)
The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)
The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)
动名词和动词不定式
作主语和表语
动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。
e.g Rising early is good for health.
To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
My biggest wish is to go abroad.
Seeing is believing.

作宾语
接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit, acknowledge, avoid, deny, consider, enjoy, escape,
excuse, forgive, finish, suggest, mind, include, involve, delay,
put off, postpone, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be
accustomed to, etc.
接动词不定式作宾语的动词：
want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to,
seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin

接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：
forget, remember, regret
stop, continue
need/ want
allow doing/ allow sb to do
1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?
Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.
2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?
3)The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.
4)We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.
历年考题中的非谓语动词
A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance. (doing)
Anyone ___(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. (wanting)
It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ (control) his direction. (to control)
As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals ___ (use) in experiments may decrease. (used)
5. A life ___ (live) without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed. (lived)
6. This poem, if ___ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense. (translated)
7. They may have their passports _____ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. (removed)
8. Her body, with hands and feet ____ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. (bound)

3. 虚拟语气
第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气
时间从句主句
与现在事实相反 did/ were should/could/would + do
与过去事实相反 had done should/could/would + have done
与将来事实相反 were to do should/could/would + do should do

第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气
would rather + 从句
wish + 从句
if only + 从句
as if/ as though + 从句
It’s time + 从句

第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。
suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；
suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句；

3. important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容词用在it is … that…句型中；
4. lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。
历年考题中的虚拟语气
If it hadn’t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. (would have been)
He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy. (had not been)
It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment. (took)
It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st. (should finish/ finish)
4. 定语从句和名词性从句
定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句
引导定语从句
1）关系代词(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which, that, who, whom, whose
2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how
名词性从句
名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
引导名词性从句：
1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that, whether, if
2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever…
3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how

定语从句和同位语从句的区别
The story (that) he told me may not be true.
The story that he has made a fortune may not be true.

2. 什么时候用介词＋which 的形式?
The place which I visited last week is very beautiful.
The place in which I used to live is very beautiful.
3. which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句
He is easy to get angry, which is well known.
He is easy to get angry, as everybody knows.
历年考题中的定语从句和名词性从句
1. Studies have shown ___ teenagers often suffer from depression.
[A] that [B] which [C] in which [D] in that 　Ａ
2. It is a well-known fact ___ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.
[A] that [B] if [C] when [D] whether 　Ａ
3. Very few people understood this contract, ___ was very obscure.
[A] the language [B] the language of which　Ｂ
[C] all it said [D] which it had said

备考要诀
重视课文，英语一考上册，英语二以下册A课文为主，但是上册课文的语法和词汇是学习下册的基础。
吃透重点语法：非谓语动词、动词时态和语态、虚拟语气、比较级、定语从句，等。
背单词要讲究技巧，以大纲词汇为准，不要孤立地背单词，以词组为主，重视搭配；
加强阅读，选择难度适当的阅读材料，重在训练阅读技巧，提高速度和效率。

推荐材料：
1)大学英语自学教程》（上下册），高远主编，高教出版社。
2)《大学英语自学教程——自学与自测指导》（上下册），高远主编，北航出版社。
3)自考大纲
4)全国高等自学考试英语（一）和英语（二）模拟试卷与应试指导》高远主编，高等教育出版社。

结束语
Before God we are equally wise—equally foolish. (Albert Einstein)
每道题的考点
第一题：词汇和结构
历年试题举例：
At the end of 1994 the British government introduced new measures to help ____domestic workers from abuse by their employers.
[A] protect [B] suspect [C] expect [D]inspect 词义辨析
2. I’m wondering why he hasn’t turned ___ at the meeting.
[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] over 搭配
3. By using both ears one can tell the direction ___ a sound comes.
[A] in which [B] from which [C] over which [D] with which 定语从句
Almost everything a manager does ___ decisions; indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making.
[A] imposes [B] improvises [C] involves [D] indicates
American men don’t cry because it is considered not ___ of men to do so.
[A] characteristic [B] tolerant [C] symbolic [D] independent
4. In every major city there are more ___ apartments than there are homeless people.
[A] blank [B] vacant [C] empty [D] bare

[提示]：搭配主要涉及介词和名词、形容词和介词、动词和名词、形容词和名词等的搭配。因此学习单词时必须掌握其固定的搭配。此外牢记大纲词表后列出的词组也会有很大的帮助。

1. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space ___ which matter has fallen and ___ which nothing can escape.
[A] towards…towards [B] into…from
[C] out of…from [D] through…through
2. ___ conclusion, walking is a cheap, safe and enjoyable form of exercise.
[A] into [B] at [C] over [D] under
___ to form a new government.
[A] purpose [B] reason [C] view [D] goal

___ to buy a pair of shoes.
[A] shoes store [B] shoe’s store [C] shoe store [D] shoes store
3. Five minutes earlier, ___ we may have caught the gunman.
[A] and [B] but [C] or [D] so
4. ___ I’m supposed to work by myself, there are other people who I can interact with.
[A] If only [B] So long as [C] Even if [D] As far as
5. It was there, the police believe, ___ she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.
[A] until [B] which [C] that [D] when
6. It is not feasible to wait four days ___ the body is used to the new time zone.
[A] while [B] after [C] until [D] then
7. Robots differ from automatic machines ___ after completion of one task, they can be reprogrammed to do another.
[A] that [B] in which [C] when [D] in that
8. It is becoming increasingly clear to policy-makers ___ schools cannot solve all the problems of the larger community.
[A] that [B] what [C] when [D] who
9. Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to ____ the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other.
[A] make it possible [B] make possible
[C] make possibly [D] make it possibly
10. Lots of empty beer bottles were found under the young man’s bed; he ___ heavily.
[A] must have drunk [B] must drink
[C] should drink [D] had to drink

Key: 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. A

第二题：完型填空
[提示]：充分利用上下文提供的信息答题。
历年试题举例：

(1) Colter was excited, so he told 17 about the place. 18 , the other people did not believe him.
[A] the other [B] others [C] another [D] each other
18. [A] Then [B] However [C] Therefore [D] Consequently
Key: 17. B 18. B

(2) Planning is important in almost anything you do. No matter what you are doing, taking the time to plan 11 can help you reach your goal. The purpose of insurance is 12 you plan for unexpected, costly emergencies (紧急需要). 13 the most important kind of insurance is medical insurance.
11. [A] away [B] on [C] ahead [D] out
12. [A] helped [B] to help [C] kept [D] to keep
13. [A] Probably [B] Unfortunately [C] Conversely [D] Subsequently

Key: 11. C 12. B 13. A

(3) Food in the United States is 13 , cheap, and available twenty-four hours a day, and many people not only overeat, but eat a lot of high-fat, high-calories foods that 14 weight gain. 15 , there are some people who eat anything they want and never gain weight, and studies show that obese people do not eat an excessive amount of calories. In fact, they often eat 16 than non-obese people do.
13. [A] many [B] much [C] plentiful [D] resourceful
14. [A] contribute to [B] devote to [C] subject to [D] distribute to
15. [A] But [B] However [C] Moreover [D] Therefore
16. [A] fewer [B] more [C] less [D] better

Key: 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. C

第三题：阅读理解（略）
第四题：单词拼写
［提示］：最新试题出题思路有明显变化，因此以下册课文词表为复习重点，兼顾大纲此表中的中学词汇和上册词汇。

最新试题举例
36. accompany (1A) 37. boundary (2A)
38. capture (14A) 39. decline (10A)
40. employee (4A) 41. feasible (8A)
42. heartbreaking (14A) 43. grateful
44. increasingly (6A) 45. junction (15A)
46. loyalty (10A) 47. moderate (8B)
48. overwhelming (10A) 49. nominate (10B)
50. participant (5A) 51. persistently (14A)
52. queue (14A) 53. spontaneous (5A)
54. reinforce (12B) 55. undertake (13A)

往年试题举例
36. strike (上册) 37. program(上册)
38. civil (4A) 39. quality(上册)
40. expose (6A) 41. overcome (8A)
42. vote (10A) 43. responsible(上册)
44. content (15A) 45. interview (1B)
46. failure(上册) 47. economy(上册)
48. logical(上册) 49. undergo (11A)
50. nervous(上册) 51. abandon(上册)
52. remain（中学） 53. promote (8A)
54. detail (12A) 55. hobby(上册)

第五题：词形填空题
[提示]：此部分主要包括谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词比较级和词性变化四部分。谓语动词和非谓语动词详见重点语法，因此此处主要涉及形容词比较级和词性变化。

历年试题举例
形容词比较级和最高级
1.The more stress you are under, the ___ (likely) you are to catch a cold.
2. The ___ (far) away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes.
3.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the ____ (old) its population is likely to be.
As Jane was the ____ (old), she looked after the other children in the family.

Key: 1. more likely 2. farther 3. older 4. oldest

词性转化
1. These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is ____ (specialize) in its function.
2.The continuing professional education of ____ (high) educated adults will become a third level in addition to undergraduate and professional or graduate work.
3.The explorers were puzzled over what to do next because they were in a ____ (trick) situation.
4.We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere ____ (appreciate) of your help.

Key: 1. special 2. highly 3. tricky 4. appreciation

第六题：汉译英
[提示]：此部分主要涉及虚拟语气、强调句、倒装句、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、形式主语等语法现象和一些固定表达式。

最新试题举例
68．一个具有文学艺术欣赏力的人能胜任这项工作。
A person with appreciation of art and literature is qualified for the job.
选自下册第9单元A课文后Word Study中appreciation的一个例句。主要考查定语从句和be qualified for 的用法。

69．随着研究技术变得更加先进，用于实验的动物数量将会大大减少。
As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments will greatly decrease.
选自下册第11单元A课文最后一段的第一句话。主要考查as引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”。

70．那位生物学家相信某些动物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。
The biologist is convinced/ believes that some animal species are faced with the danger of extinction.
根据下册第14单元A课文后的翻译练习中的第6题有所改动。原话为“他相信某些植物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。”

历年试题举例
直到最近我才意识到语言与文化密切相关。
2. 我们匆匆忙忙地赶回学校，生怕天会下雨。
3. 这些问题没有迅速解决是汤姆的过错。
4. 他的肤色与他是否是个好教授没有关系。
无论他怎么说，我也不相信他。

Key:
1. Not until recently did I realize that language and culture are closely related to each other. (倒装句)
2. We hurried to the school lest it should rain. （lest后接动词原形的虚拟语气）
3. It’s Tom’s fault that these questions are not solved rapidly. （形式主语）
4. The color of his skin is irrelevant to whether he is a good professor or not. （whether引导宾语从句）
5. Whatever he says, I won’t believe him. （让步状语从句）

第七题：英译汉（略）

II. 重点语法复习

历年考题中的动词时态和语态
1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.
In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.
Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.
___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.
In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ___ (begin) in the 19302.
Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.
So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.
The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.
The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.

历年考题中的非谓语动词
A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
Anyone ___(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ (control) his direction.
As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals ___ (use) in experiments may decrease.
5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things ___ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.
6. This poem, if ___ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.
7. They may have their passports _____ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.
Her body, with hands and feet ____ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
I couldn’t help but ___ (feel) this is a very strange life.
Let us consider the earth as a planet ____ (revolve) round the sun.

Key:
1. doing 动名词做enjoy的宾语
2. wanting 现在分词作定语
3. to control 动词不定式作目的状语
4. used 过去分词作定语
5. being 现在分词用在独立结构中
6. translated 连词加过去分词作状语
7. removed 过去分词作宾补
8. bound 过去分词用在独立结构中
9. feel couldn’t help but 后接动词原形
10. revolving 现在分词作定语

历年考题中的虚拟语气
If it hadn’t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy.
It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment.
It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st.
They demanded that the right to vote ___ (give) to every adult person. I would rather he ____ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ (meet) them before.
Should she come tomorrow, I ___ take her to the museum.
[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must
10. If we ___ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
[A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn’t have got [D] wouldn’t get

Key:
1. would have been 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句
2.had not been 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句
3. took It is high time +过去式的虚拟形式
4.should finish/finish It was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式
be given demand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式
should have received 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示“本应该收到”而实际上没有。
bought would rather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。
had met as if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。
C 与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。
A 从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now可以看出），所以变为过去完成时。

历年考题中的定语从句和名词性从句
1. Studies have shown ___ teenagers often suffer from depression.
[A] that [B] which [C] in which [D] in that
2. It is a well-known fact ___ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.
[A] that [B] if [C] when [D] whether
On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order ____ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices.
[A] which [B] what [C] that [D] in that
4. It is not yet known ____ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.
[A] whether [B] if [C] that [D] how
5. Such attitudes amount to a belief ___ leisure can and should be put to good use.
[A] which [B] if [C] whether [D] that
The reason for making a decision is ___ a problem exists, goals are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
[A] why [B] because [C] where [D] that
7. ___ developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.
[A] What [B] Whether [C] That [D] Which
8. Very few people understood this contract, ___ was very obscure.
[A] the language [B] the language of which
[C] all it said [D] which it had said
9. Often music was played out of doors, ___ nature provided the environment.
[A] which [B] that [C] in which [D] where
10. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, ____, to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products.
[A] where [B] which [C] as [D] that

Key:
A that 引导宾语从句
A that 引导同位语从句
C that 引导同位语从句
A it为形式主语，whether引导真正的主语从句
D that 引导同位语从句
D that 引导表语从句
A what 引导主语从句，并在主语从句中做主语
B the language of which引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语
D where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语
A where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语

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