Chapter 4 Word-Formation II

Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：adding word-formation or derivational affixes to stem.

Prefixation前缀@：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.

1)'表示否定'nagative prefixes: un-,non,in-,dis,a- etc.

2)''reversative or privative prefixes: un-,de-dis etc.

3)'表示贬义'pejorative prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc.

4)'表示程度'degree or size prefixes: arch-, super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini- etc.

5)'表示方向、态度'orientation & attitude prefixes:counter-,contra-,anti-,pro- etc.

6)locative prefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans- etc.

7)'表示时间、次序'time and order prefixes:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc.

8)'表示数量'number prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly- etc.

9)'混杂'miscellaneous prefixes：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-

Suffixation后缀@: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.

1)noun suffixes  2)adjective suffixes  3)Adverb suffixes  4)verb suffixes

Compounding复合法  （also called composition）

Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems

Compounds are written in three ways: solid(airmail) hyphenated(air-conditioning) open(air force, air raid)

Formation of compounds

noun compounds  e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot

adjective compounds   e.g.  acid + head = acid-head

verb compounds   e.g.   house + keep = housekeep

Conversion转类法

Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.

Blending混成法

Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN

Clipping截缩法

Clipping: to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.

e.g. plane from airplane,  phone from telephone.

1).Front clippings (phone from telephone)           2).Back clippings (dorm from dormitory)

3).Front and back clippings (flu from influenza)    4).Phrase clippings (pop from popular music)

Acronymy首字母缩写法

Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.

Initialism首字母缩写词法: initialisms are pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)

Acronym首字母拼读词法:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.

Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）

Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.(greed from greedy)

Words From Proper Name专有名词转成法

Names of people, places, book, and trade names (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）